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Preface
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1.Introduction
2.Planning foundations
2.1General legal foundations
2.1.1Pollution control rights
2.1.2Building law
2.1.3Civil Code, Criminal Code and Administrative Offences Act
2.2The physical terms "sound" and "noise"
2.3Noise, sound emission and sound immission
2.4Acoustic principles
2.4.1The sound scale
2.4.2Calculation rules
2.4.3Definitions of further terms
2.4.4Noise measurements
2.4.4.1The relevance of noise measurements
2.4.4.2The realization of measurements
2.4.4.3The measurement devices
2.5The effect of noise protection constructions
2.6Summary of noise assessment values based on immission values
3.Traffic noise
4.Industrial noise
5.Noise from sports and leisure facilities
6.Noise abatement plans / Noise action plans
7.Planning indications
8.Bibliography
9.Thematic Websites
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PLANNING FOUNDATIONS
   
 2.4.1 The sound scale

The ear's range of perception

The human ear is able to perceive sound vibrations with a frequency ranging from about 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second (hertz). Figure 2/3 differentiates this frequency range, which lies between very high and very deep tones, according to speech, music and other noises.

This figure further illustrates that our audible range has a lower limit as for sound pressure, which is called threshold of hearing. The sound pressure (more exactly a change in the sound pressure) corresponds to the pressure fluctuations of sound waves and is relevant for the perception of loudness, because the higher the pressure fluctuations, the more energy is transmitted by the sound waves. Above the threshold of pain, the auditory event is associated with sensations of pain. In this range, hearing damages, which are mostly irreversible, are very probable even when exposed to only for a short time.

 

The decibel scale

The values of the sound pressures given in figure 2/3 for our audible range cover a scale from 0.00002 to 200 pascals (Pa), i.e. a range of seven decimal powers, which illustrates the astonishing power of perception of our sense organ, the ear. This also shows that a linear sound scale based on the absolute sound pressure values would be unsuitable due to the wide range of values.

A logarithmic scale was therefore defined for the sound scale as a means of presenting a manageable range of values and of better corresponding to the non-linear perception of loudness of human ears. The scale used at the right margin of figure 2/3 is based on the sound (pressure) level and indicated in decibel (dB = 1/10 bel). A sound pressure of 2x10-5 Pa (0.00002 Pa) is assigned to the threshold of hearing (at 1,000 Hz), which is equal to the sound level value 0 dB on the decibel scale. The threshold of pain forms the top of the scale with a sound level value of 140 dB and a sound pressure of 200 Pa. If the A-weighted sound level is used (the term is explained in the following section), the threshold of pain lies at 120 dB(A).

 

The decibel and the definition of sound pressure level

The unit "bel" is named after the American scientist Alexander Graham Bell (1847-1922) and it represents no physical unit but a dimensionless measure, just like the term "per cent". It expresses the ratio of a physical quantity (usually power or intensity) and another value of this quantity as a decadic logarithm relative to a specified reference level. The result is called "level".

As the sound power is proportional to the squared sound pressure, we can deduce that:

1    bel = 10 dB:     tenfold power or tenfold pressure relative to 0 bel

2    bels = 20 dB:     hundredfold power or hundredfold pressure relative to 0 bel

 

 

This explanation leads to the following definition of the sound pressure level:

 

 

Explanation of the abbreviations:

Lp = sound pressure level
p = sound pressure (at this level value)
p0 = reference sound pressure
(standardized threshold of hearing = 2x10-5 Pa)

 

Properties of the sound level scale

The absolute sound pressure increases tenfold each time the sound level increases by 20 dB. A sound level difference of 6 dB corresponds to a sound pressure ratio of 1:2.

The sound power (in watt) and the sound intensity (in W/m2) increase tenfold in steps of 10 dB each. A sound level difference of 3 dB corresponds to a sound power ratio of 1:2.

In the context of noise protection, it is also important to know that the human perception of loudness also follows a power function, i.e. that a tenfold increase in the sound power or an increase in the sound level by 10 dB is perceived as a doubling of the loudness. "Loudness" is defined as a measure of subjective loudness assessment.

 

A-weighting

The perception of tones of identical sound pressure by the human ear varies according to their frequency (tone pitch). This can be seen in figure 2/3, in which the curve of the threshold of hearing depends on the frequency. Medium-high tones are therefore perceived as relatively louder than low or very low tones. In order to ensure a metrological registration of noises that is true to human perception, the fact that the perception of loudness depends on the frequency is taken into account by using filters which muffle frequencies of the measured noises to different extents within the sound level meter (see section 2.4.4).

The present context only requires the internationally used "A-filter" or the A-weighting curve given in figure 2/4. This is why we will only use the A-weighted sound level with the unit dB(A) in the following.

Figure 2/5 gives an outline of the sound levels of everyday noises measured at the height of the ear according to the procedure mentioned above.

 

 
 
 
Fig. 2/3: The ear"s range of perception




 
Fig. 2/4: A-weighting curve (level over frequency)
 
Fig. 2/5: Common sound levels of everyday noises
 
Fig. 2/3a: Frequencies (audio samples)